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Course of paleography by Jan Just Witkam

Calligraphy model books and traditional reading courses for the Arabic alphabet.


  • General works:

  • Ma'rad al-Khutut al-'Arabiyya. Spécimen d'écritures arabes pour la lecture des manuscrits anciens et modernes. Par un Père de la Compagnie de Jésus. Deuxième édition corrigée et augmentée. Beyrouth (Imprimerie Catholique) 1888 (in French and Arabic) (pdf).

    K.F. Holle, Tabel van oud- en nieuw-Indische alphabetten. B?drage tot de palaeographie van Nederlandsch-Indië. Batavia (W. Bruining & Co.) / 's Hage (M. Nijhoff) 1882. [UB Leiden: 1107 B 3, which copy is misbound. This was electronically restored] (in Dutch): introduction pp. 1-15, introduction pp. 16-20, tables pp. 1-7, tables pp. 8-23, tables pp. 24-35, tables pp. 36-50.

    S. Muhammad Tufail, The Qur'an reader. An elementary course in reading the Arabic script of the Qur'an. (With Arabic text, exercises and transliteration including the Muslim prayers). N.p. (www.aaiil.org) 1974. (in English): (pdf).

    S. Muhammad Tufail, The Arabic alphabet. A companion volume to The Qur'an reader. Maybury (www.aaiil.org) 1976. (in English): (pdf).

    Qawa'id al-Khatt al- 'Arabi, bi-Khatt Hashim Muhammad al-Khattat. Magmu'a Khattiyya li-Anwa' al-Khutut al-`Arabiyya. Al-Tab'a al-Muzayyada. Cairo (Maktabat al-Nahda al-`Arabiyya) 1409/1989. (in Arabic) pp. 1-15 (pdf), pp. 16-30 (pdf), pp. 31-45 (pdf), pp. 46-60 (pdf), pp. 61-75 (pdf), pp. 76-80 (pdf).

    Nicholas Awde & Putros Samano, The Arabic Alphabet. How to Read and Write it. Cairo (The American University in Cairo Press) 1990. (in English): (pdf).

    Mahdi al-Sayyid Mahmud, `Allim Nafsaka al-Khutut al-`Arabiyya: Naskh, Ruq`a, Farisi, Thuluth, Diwani. Cairo (Ibn Sina Bookshop) 1994 (in Arabic): pp. 1-27 (pdf); pp. 27-61 (pdf); pp. 61-91 (pdf); pp. 91-121 (pdf); pp. 121-159 (pdf).

    Ali Akbar, Kaligrafi Islam. Kaidah menulis dan karya-karya master. Pengantar Drs. D. Sirojuddin AR. Jakarta (Pustaka Firdaus) 1995 (in Indonesian): pp. 1-24, pp. 25-89, pp. 90-147, pp. 148-175.

    Fawzi Salim `Afifi, Gami` al-Khatt al-`Arabi. Vol. 1. Damascus/Cairo (Dar al-Kitab al-`Arabi) 1416/1996. (in Arabic): pp. 1-15, pp. 16-53, pp. 54-85, pp. 86-113, pp. 114-147, pp. 148-185, pp. 186-215, pp. 216-235, pp. 236-265, pp. 266-303, pp. 304-333, pp. 334-364.

    Fawzi Salim `Afifi, Gami` al-Khatt al-`Arabi. Vol. 2. Damascus/Cairo (Dar al-Kitab al-`Arabi) 1416/1996. (in Arabic): pp. 1-17, pp. 18-37, pp. 38-57, pp. 58-81, pp. 82-101, pp. 102-121, pp. 122-147, pp. 148-167, pp. 168-187, pp. 188-207, pp. 208-227, pp. 228-247, pp. 248-271, pp. 272-291, pp. 292-313, pp. 314-337, pp. 338-351, pp. 348-363.

    Mahdi al-Sayyid Mahmud, Kayfa taktubu Khattan Gamilan bi-Qalamak al`Adi?, Cairo (Dar al-Tala'i`) 1998. (in Arabic): pp. 1-40, pp. 41-79.

    Hammud Galwi al-Mughri & Nayif Musharraf al-Hazza', Al-Tagarib al-Mu'asira fil-Khatt al-'Arabi. Tahdhib wa-Muraga'at al-Ustadh Mashari b. Hasan al-Sa'dun. Kuwait (published by the authors) 1418/1997. (in Arabic): pp. 1-51 (pdf); pp. 52-101 (pdf); pp. 102-135 (pdf); pp. 136-153 (pdf).

    Kamil Salman al-Gaburi, Mawsu`at al-Khatt al-`Arabi, vol. 8. al-Khutut al-`Arabiyya al-Ukhra. Bayrut (Dar wa-Maktabat al-Hilal) 1999. (in Arabic): pp. 1-17 (pdf); pp. 18-57 (pdf); pp. 58-91 (pdf); pp. 92-121 (pdf); pp. 122-160 (pdf).

    Mansur b. Nasir al-`Awagi, Gamaliyyat al-Khatt al-`Arabi. Kufi, Thuluth, Diwani, Diwani Gali, Naskh, Ruq`a, Ta`liq, al-Riyadh (Dar Tuwayq lil-Nashr wal-Tawzi`) 1421/2000. (in Arabic): pp. 1-15, pp. 16-35, pp. 36-55, pp. 56-75, pp. 76-97, pp. 98-117, pp. 118-137, pp. 138-171, pp. 172-207, pp. 208-221.

    `Arif Hasan al-Amir, Asalib Gadida fil-Khatt al-`Arabi, Kuwayt (?) 1421/2000. (in Arabic): pp. [1-22], pp. [23-34].

    Gabriel Mandel Khan, Arabic Script. Styles, Variants, and Calligraphic Adaptations. Translated from the Italian by Rosanna M. Giammanco Frongia. New York / London (Abbeville Press Publishers) 2001. (in English): pp. 1-31, pp. 32-81, pp. 82-115, pp. 116-145, pp. 146-180

    Ahmad `Abdallah Sarhan, Rumuz al-Khatt al-`Arabi fil-Bahrayn, Bayrut (al-Mu'assasa al-`Arabiyya lil-Dirasat wal-Nashr) / al-Bahrayn (Wizarat Shu'un Maglis al-Wuzara' wal-I`lam) 2001. (in Arabic): pp. 1-26, pp. 27-51, pp. 52-76, pp. 77-98.

    Ralph Cleminson, Preface, Introduction, in: The complete guide to calligraphy. Master scripts of the West and East. Step by step with 45 projects. Richmond Hill (Firefly Books) 2006, pp. 1-11 (in English): (pdf).

    Ghani Alani, Calligraphie arabe. Initiation. Paris (Fleurus Editions) 2001 (in French): pp. 1-17 (pdf); pp. 1-17 (pdf); pp. 1-17 (pdf); pp. 1-17 (pdf).
    NB. A full-colour edition on paper of this book can be purchased directly from the publisher.

    Muhammad 'Abd al-Qadir 'Abdallah, Min al-Khutut al-'Arabiyya. Cairo (al-Hay'a al-Misriyya al'Amma lil-Kitab) 2006 (in Arabic): pp. 1-23, pp. 24-53, pp. 54-77, pp. 78-101, pp. 102-121, pp. 122-137, pp. 138-155, pp. 156-171, pp. 172-191, pp. 192-217, pp. 218-251, pp. 252-265, pp. 266-275, pp. 276-285, pp. 286-294.
    * About half of this work is about the Kufi script.

    Luxien X. Polastron, Découverte des calligraphies de l'arabe. Calligraphies Abdallah Akar. Paris (Dessain et Tolra) 2007. (in French): pp. 1-31, pp. 32-64.
    * This work treats the following calligraphic styles: naskh, nasta`liq, diwani, kufi, maghribi, ruq`a.

    Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips, Arabic Reading & Writing made easy. Al-Qira'a al-Muyassara. Kuala Lumpur (A.S. Noordeen) 1428/2007. (in English): pp. 1-65, pp. 64-149, pp. 148-179.

    Min A'mal al-Fannan Muhammad Husni, a'addahu wa-gama'a Maddatahu Taha 'Ashur; akhragahu wa-qaddama lahu Ahmad Sabri Zayid. Cairo (Dar al-Fadila) 2007. (in Arabic): pp. 1-11 (pdf); pp. 12-27 (pdf); pp. 28-43 (pdf); pp. 44-59 (pdf); pp. 60-75 (pdf); pp. 76-91 (pdf); pp. 92-96 (pdf).

    Ahmad Sabri Zayid, Agmal al-Namadhig wal-Takwinat al-Zukhrufiyya fi Fann Kitabat al-Basmala li-Ashar al-Khattatin Qadiman wa-Hadithan. Cairo (Dar al-Tala'i`) 2007. (in Arabic:) pp. 1-25, pp. 26-63, pp. 64-80, pp. 81-85, pp. 86-127, pp. 128-159, pp. 160-201, pp. 202-239. * This work treats the following calligraphic styles: kufi, farisi, diwani, naskh, thuluth and ruq`a.

    Nurani Qa`ida. Mukammal. New Delhi (Darul Eshaat-e-Mustafai) 1422 (2001-2002). (in Urdu) pp. 1-25, pp. 26-52.

    Nur Muhammad Haqqani, al-Qa'ida al-Nuraniyya. Ed. Muhammad Faruq Muhammad al-Ra`i. Jeddah (Markaz al-Furqan li-Ta`lim al-Qur'an) 1428 [2007]. (in Arabic) pp. 1-23, pp. 24-36.

    Mahdi Isma'ili-Mud, Amuzish-i Nowin-i Khatt-i Tahriri. 4 Naw': Nasta'liq, Shekaste Nasta'liq, Naskh wa-Thuluth. Wizhe-yi Mu'allimin wa-Danish Amuzan. 4th edition Tehran (Farhangsara-yi Mirdashti) 1387 (2008) (ISBN 978-964-7141-44-4) (in Persian). pp. 1-51, pp. 52-112.

    Salih al-`Ud, al-Tahaggi min al-Alif ila al-Ya'. 8th impression. N.p. (Morocco) 1430/2009. (in Arabic). pp. 1-35, pp. 36-52.

    Ahamat Mahamat Fadil, Apprentissage de l'alphabet arabe. Istanbul (Editions Erkam) n.d. (purchased in Paris in 2010) (in French and Arabic): (pdf).

    Ahamat Mahamat Fadil, Apprentissage de l'alphabet arabe. Istanbul (Editions Erkam) n.d. (purchased in Paris in 2010) (in French and Arabic): pp. 1-37, pp. 38-72.

    Specific works (arranged according to type of script):

  • Diwani script:

    Al-Murshid ila al-Khatt al-Diwani, bi-Khatt Ahmad al-Mufti. Damascus/Bairut (Dar Ibn Kathir/Dar al-Qadiri) 1418/1997. (in Arabic): pp. 1-45, pp. 47-95, pp. 97-127 (text on odd pages only).

    Kamil Salman al-Gaburi, Mawsu`at al-Khatt al-`Arabi, vol. 2. al-Khatt al-Diwani. Bairut (Dar wa-Maktabat al-Hilal) 1999. (in Arabic): pp. 1-41, pp. 42-81, pp. 82-121, pp. 122-160.

    Mahdi al-Sayyid Mahmud, 'Allim Nafsak al-Khatt al-Diwani. Cairo (Dar al-Fadila) 2005. (in Arabic): pp. 1-35 (pdf); pp. 36-63 (pdf).

  • Diwani Gali script:

    Kamil Salman al-Gaburi, Mawsu`at al-Khatt al-`Arabi, vol. 3. al-Khatt al-Diwani al-Gali. Bairut (Dar wa-Maktabat al-Hilal) 1999. (in Arabic): pp. 1-29, pp. 28-61, pp. 62-101, pp. 102-131, pp. 132-159.

    Mahmud Ibrahim, Ta'allam Khatt al-Diwani al-Gali bi-duna Mu'allim, Cairo ('Alam al-Kutub) 2008. (ISBN 977-232-585-3) (in Arabic): pp. 1-25 (pdf); pp. 26-47 (pdf).

  • Jawi script: (or Djawi script, used for the Malay language, in South-East Asia). Note that many of the model books in this section are teaching aids for Dutch East-Indian civil servants and military, who were preparing themselves for work in the colony:

    Zairani A. Hamid, Lancar Jawi. Kaedah cepat menulis Jawi. Sesuai untuk anak 4-7 tahun di rumah dan tadika. 2b. Kuala Lumpur (Al-Amin Serve Holdings Sdn. Bhd.) 2011 (in Malay): (pdf).

    Zairani A. Hamid, Lancar Jawi. Kaedah cepat menulis Jawi. Sesuai untuk anak 4-7 tahun di rumah dan tadika. 3a. Kuala Lumpur (Al-Amin Serve Holdings Sdn. Bhd.) 2011 (in Malay): pp. 1-9, pp. 10-23, pp. 24-37, pp. 38-40.

    Zairani A. Hamid, Lancar Jawi. Kaedah cepat menulis Jawi. Sesuai untuk anak 4-7 tahun di rumah dan tadika. 3b. Kuala Lumpur (Al-Amin Serve Holdings Sdn. Bhd.) 2011 (in Malay): pp. 1-11, pp. 12-25, pp. 26-40.

    Ustazah Sapiah A. Wahab & Fuad Ismail, Didik Jawi. Cepat dan Praktikal. Tahap 1. Tahun 1, 2, 3. Ke Arah Pembentukan Generasi Al-Quran Yang Unggul & Dinamik. Berdasarkan Sukatan KBSR Terkini dan Program J-Qaf. Kuala Lumpur (Fargoes) 2010 (in Malay): pp. 1-15, pp. 16-45, pp. 46-62.

    Mahmood Haji Awang, Panduan Menulis dan Kaedah Mengajar Khat Nasakh Kuala Lumpur (Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka) 2009 (in Malay): pp. 1-13, pp. 1-13, pp. 1-13, pp. 1-13, pp. 1-13, pp. 1-13, pp. 1-13.

    Ph.S. van Ronkel, Het Maleische schrift. Weltevreden (N.V. Boekhandel Visser & Co.) 1925 [Leiden UB: 775 B 15] (in Dutch and Malay): (pdf).

    D. van Hinloopen Labberton, Sleutel tot H.C. Klinkert's "Facsimilés van eenige Maleische Handschriften". Weltevreden (Indonesische Drukkerij) 1916. Uitgegeven ten behoeve van de Bestuursschool. (Niet in den handel). [UB Leiden: 897 C 13] (in Dutch and Malay, key to Klinkert 1885, see below): pp. 1-55, pp. 56-106.

    Maleische Schrijfoefeningen. Lithografie der Koninklijke Militaire Academie. [Breda] 1913. [UB Leiden: 8205 E 60] (in Dutch and Malay): (pdf).

    H.C. Klinkert, Facsimilés van eenige Maleische brieven met Arabisch-Maleisch karakter. Leiden (E.J. Brill) 1903. [UB Leiden: 1848 A 53] (in Dutch and Malay): (pdf).

    J.R.P.F. Gonggrijp, Facsimile's van Maleische handschriften en brieven met transscriptie in Latijnse letter. Delft (Van Markens Drukkerij-Vennootschap) [1894]. [UB Leiden: 998 B 8] (in Dutch and Malay; this copy with blank pages at the left for student notes and transliteration in Latin script on the right): (pdf).

    J.R.P.F. Gonggrijp, Facsimile's van Maleische handschriften en brieven met transscriptie in Latijnse letter. Delft (Typ. Van Markens Drukkerij-Vennootschap) 1894 ('niet in den handel'). [UB Leiden: 872 E 46] (in Dutch and Malay): pp. 1-21. pp. 22-54.

    J.R.P.F. Gonggrijp, Facsimile's van Maleische Handschriften en Brieven met transscriptie in latijnse letter. 's-Gravenhage (Mouton & Co.) [1894] ('niet in den handel'). [UB Leiden: 8190 A 3] (in Dutch and Malay. This is the collection of specimens which comes together with Gonggrijp's booklet with transliterations, also of 1894): Nos. 1-5, Nos. 6-20, Nos. 21-30, Nos. 31-33, Voorbeeld van Maleisch-arabisch letterschrift.

    J.R.P.F. Gonggrijp, Facsimile's van Maleische Handschriften en Brieven met transscriptie in latijnse letter. ['s-Gravenhage (Mouton & Co.) [1894] ('niet in den handel')]. [UB Leiden: 1430 A 26] (in Dutch and Malay. This is the collection of specimens which comes together with Gonggrijp's booklet with transliterations, also of 1894). * An incomplete and slightly different copy of Gonggrijp's collection of specimens: Nos. 1-6, Nos. 7-10.

    J.P.G. Kruijt, Tweede vijf en twintig kopieën van Maleische Brieven ten dienste van hen, die de verscheidene afwijkingen en verbindingen in de handschriften leeren willen. Delft (C.J. van Doorne) 1886. [UB Leiden: 860 C 34] (in Malay): (pdf).

    J.P.G. Kruijt, Vijf en twintig kopieën van Maleische Brieven ten dienste van hen, die de verscheidene afwijkingen en verbindingen in de handschriften leeren willen. Delft (C.J. van Doorne) 1885. [UB Leiden: 860 C 33] (in Malay): (pdf).

    H.C. Klinkert, Facsimilés van eenige Maleische Handschriften. Ten dienste van hen, die zich in het lezen van Maleisch-Arabisch letterschrift willen oefenen. Leiden (E.J. Brill) 1885. [UB Leiden: 860 F 34] (in Dutch and Malay): pp. 1-19, pp. 20-43, pp. 44-67, pp. 68-91, pp. 92-98, table of contents.

    Eduard Dulaurier, Lettres et pièces diplomatiques écrites en Malay, recueillies et publiées pour servir d'exercices de lecture et de traduction aux élÈves de l'Ecole Royale et Spé des Langues Orientales Vivantes. Paris (Firmin Didot) 1845. [UB Leiden: 859 C 13] (in French and Malay): introduction, pp. 1-13, introduction, pp. 14-16, translitteration, pp. 1-11, translitteration, pp. 12-25, translitteration, pp. 26-39, translitteration, pp. 40-46, specimens, Nos. 1-6, specimens, Nos. 7-13a, specimens, Nos. 13b-16.

    [A portfolio with the sepecimens only of:] Eduard Dulaurier, Lettres et pièces diplomatiques écrites en Malay, recueillies et publiées pour servir d'exercices de lecture et de traduction aux élÈves de l'Ecole Royale et Spé des Langues Orientales Vivantes. Paris (Firmin Didot) 1845. [UB Leiden: 859 A 6] (in Malay): Specimens Nos. 1-7, Specimens Nos. 8-12, Specimens Nos. 13a-16.

    [Facsimilés van Maleische brieven]. [Some drawn by H.C. Klinkert. Lithography by P.W.M. Trap in Leiden]. [Leiden] n.d. (possibly late-19th or early-20th century) [Leiden UB: 895 A 2] (in Malay): part 1, part 2, part 3, part 4, part 5, part 6.

    [Facsimiles van 12 Maleische brieven]. N.p., n.d. => A collection of twelve originally loose leaves, now bound together [Leiden UB: 8204 A 1] (in Malay): pp. 1-2, pp. 3-6, pp. 7-10, pp. 11-12.

  • Kirishma script: (a newly designed calligraphic script from Iran):

    Ahmad Aryamunsh (Chahar Dawli), Kirishma. Khushnewisi, Tawalludi diger ('Kirisma. calligraphy, a rebirth'). Tehran (Intisharat-i Yassavoli) 1387/2008 (third edition). The author was born in 1347/1968-1969 (in Persian). (pdf).

  • Kufi script:

    Ahmad Sabri Mahmud Zayid, Ahdath al-Turuq li-Dirasa wa-Tahsin al-Khatt al-Kufi. Cairo 1992 (Maktabat Ibn Sina) 1992. (in Arabic): pp. 1-21, pp. 22-43, pp. 44-65, pp. 64-79.

    Kamil Salman al-Gaburi, Mawsu`at al-Khatt al-`Arabi, vol. 5. al-Khatt al-Kufi, Bayrut (Dar wa-Maktabat al-Hilal) 1999. (in Arabic:) pp. 1-11, pp. 12-31, pp. 32-61, pp. 62-91, pp. 92-111, pp. 112-135, pp. 136-161, pp. 160-183, pp. 184-208.

    Salah Moussawy, Cahier de Calligraphie Arabe. Style Coufique. Paris (Editions Bachari) 2002. (in French): (pdf).

    Mahdi al-Sayyid Mahmud, 'Allim Nafsak al-Khatt al-Kufi. Cairo (Dar al-Fadila) 2006. (in Arabic:) pp. 1-33, pp. 34-64.

    Nassar Mansour, 'Arabic'. In: Ralph Cleminson (ed.), The complete guide to calligraphy. Master scripts of the West and East. Step by step with 45 projects. Richmond Hill (Firefly Books) 2006, pp. 164-179 (pdf).

  • Mu'alla script: (a newly designed calligraphic script):

    Gallery (2003) of Hamid Ajami (born Tehran 1962), the inventor of Mu'alla calligraphy (pdf). The gallery includes a few samples of Nasta'liq script.

    Hossein Shiri, Amuzish-i Khatt-i Mu'alla. Nuskha-yi Awwal. Tehran (Intisharat-i Ham Mihan) 1385/2007. English title: Learning book Moalla. First edition (ISBN 978-964-2876-01-3) (in Persian) (pdf).

  • Naskh script:

    al-Murshid ila Khatt al-Naskh, bi-Khatt Ahmad al-Mufti. Damascus/Bairut (Dar Ibn Kathir/Dar al-Qadiri) 1418/1997. (in Arabic): pp. 1-47, pp. 49-97, pp. 99-127 (text on odd pages only).

    Qa'ida Baghdadiyya ma'a Guz' 'Amma ma'a Muqarrirat al-Tawhid wal-Fiqh. New Delhi (Maktabat al-'Ula lil-Nashr wal-Matbu'at), not dated. (in Arabic) (A reading book from India, this copy purchased in Kuwait in October 2008) (pdf).

    Ahsan al-Qawa'id. New Delhi, Idara Publishers, not dated. (in Arabic and English) (A reading book from India, this copy purchased in Kuwait in April 2009) pp. 1-5, pp. 6-10, pp. 11-15, pp. 16-20, pp. 21-25, pp. 26-29.

    Mustafa Özel, Kur'ân-i Kerîm Elifbâsi. Istanbul (Asir) n.d. (this copy purchased in Istanbul in May 2010) (in Turkish:) pp. 1-7, pp. 8-15, pp. 16-23, pp. 24-31, pp. 32-39, pp. 40-47.

    Rym Bettaieb, Complete Guide to Arabic Script. Edited by Christopher A. Warnasch. New York (Random House) 2008. (In English:) pp. 1-89, pp. 90-124.

    Mahdi al-Sayyid Mahmud, 'Allim Nafsak Khatt al-Naskh. Cairo (Dar al-Fadila) 2006. (in Arabic:) pp. 1-33, pp. 34-64.

    Kamil Salman al-Gaburi, Mawsu`at al-Khatt al-`Arabi, vol. 4. Khatt al-Naskh. Bairut (Dar wa-Maktabat al-Hilal) 1999. (in Arabic): pp. 1-13, pp. 14-25, pp. 26-41, pp. 42-81, pp. 82-101, pp. 102-121, pp. 122-131, pp. 132-161, pp. 162-192.

    Mustafa Ja'far, Arabic Calligraphy. Naskh for beginners. Introduction Venetia Porter. London (The British Museum Press) 2002 (in English:) pp. 1-17, pp. 18-32.
    NB. A copy of paper of this book can be purchased directly from the publisher.

  • Nasta'liq script:
    (Nasta'liq-i Kitabati (= calligraphic style))

    Note that in Arabic model books this script is often called Khatt al-Ta'liq and also al-Khatt al-Farisi.

    al-Hagg Khalil al-Zahawi, Kurrasat al-Khatt al-`Arabi. Qawa'id Khatt al-Ta'liq. Baghdad (Maktabat al-Nahda) 1984 (in Arabic): pp. 1-9, pp. 9-18, pp. 19-30, pp. 30-44, pp. 44-58, pp. 59-73, pp. 74-88, pp. 89-103, pp. 104-113, pp. 114-128.

    Ahmad Sabri Zayid, Ahdath al-Turuq li-Dirasa wa-Tahsin Qawa'id al-Khatt al-Farisi (Khatt al-Ta'liq). Cairo (Maktabat Ibn Sina) 1992. (in Arabic): pp. 1-27, pp. 28-47, pp. 48-67, pp. 68-79.

    Habib Allah Rafi`, Mash`al. Rahnama-yi Khatt-i Nasta`liq. Khattat: Shafiqi. Peshavar (Aman) 1998. (in Persian): pp. 1-30, pp. 31-65.

    Kamil Salman al-Gaburi, Mawsu`at al-Khatt al-`Arabi, vol. 1. Khatt al-Ta`liq, Bayrut (Dar wa-Maktabat al-Hilal) 1999. (in Arabic:) pp. 1-9, pp. 10-23, pp. 24-33, pp. 34-71, pp. 72-109, pp. 110-149, pp. 150-189, pp. 190-216.

    Sayyid Mahdi Mahmudi, Rumuz-i Khushniwisi ya Asrar-i Nasta`liq, Tehran (Intisharat-i Yasaavoli) 1385 (2006-2007). Calligraphy Secrets or Nataliq Secrets, by Sayyed Mahdi Mahmudi (ISBN 964-7936-41-9) (in Persian). pp. 1-9, pp. 10-19, pp. 20-31, pp. 32-43, pp. 44-55, pp. 56-57, pp. 58-69, pp. 70-81, pp. 82-93, pp. 94-105, pp. 106-117, pp. 118-129, pp. 130-141, pp. 142-153, pp. 154-165, pp. 166-177, pp. 178-189, pp. 190-201, pp. 202-213, pp. 214-225, pp. 226-231, pp. 232-243.

    Ustad Hasan Ahangaran, Amuzeh-hayi Gam bi Gam-i Khatt-i Riz-i Nast'liq. Qum (Sazeman-i Hoze-ha wa-Madaris-i 'Ilmiyya-yi Kharig az Keshwar) 1386 (2007) (in Persian) (ISBN 978-964-5913-71-5). pp. 1-9, pp. 10-19, pp. 20-29, pp. 30-39, pp. 40-49, pp. 50-58, pp. 59-69, pp. 70-79, pp. 80-89, pp. 90-99, pp. 100-105, pp. 105-109, pp. 110-119, pp. 120-129, pp. 130-139, pp. 140-149, pp. 149-159, pp. 160-169, pp. 170-179, pp. 180-192.

    Ustad Amir Ahmad Falsafi, Nigahi bih Tarkib dar Nasta'liq. Tehran (Intisharat-i Yassavoli) 1386 (2007), 16th printing. (in Persian) (ISBN 978-964-306-092-3) (pdf).

    Muhammad Hasan Ithbati, Shiwe-yi Naw dar Amuzish-i Khatt-i Nasta'liq ('A new method in learning the Nasta'liq script'). Tehran (Intisharat-i Grifin) 1386 (2007), 20th edition. The first edition dates from 1372/1993. (in Persian) (ISBN 964-93691-2-0) (pdf).

  • Nasta'liq script:
    (Tahriri (= non-calligraphic) style, as taught in the primary schools in Iran)

    Muhammad Hasan Ithbati, Shiwa-yi Naw dar Amuzish-i Khatt-i Tahriri (Riz) az Nasta`liq ta Shekasteh. Wizha-yi Muāllimin wa Danish Amuzan. Tehran (Intisharat-i Grifin) 1376 (1997) (in Persian) (ISBN 964-93691-9-8). pp. 1-51, pp. 52-101, pp. 102-134.

    Hamid Reza Jamshidi, Amuzish-i Gami`-yi Khushniwisi. Gild-i Awwal: Nasta`liq-i Tahriri. Tehran (Bayhaq-i Kitab) 1380 (2001-2002) (in Persian) (ISBN 964-7066-01-5). pp. 1-49, pp. 48-101, pp. 102-128.

    Muhammad Mahdi Herati & Mustafa Kashfi, Tamrin-i Khatt-i Tahriri, bar Asas-i Muhtawa-yi Amuzishi-yi Kitab-i Farsi. Sal-i Panjom-i Ibtida'i. Tehran (Intisharat-i Madrasa) 1373 (1994), 7th edition of 1386 (2007). (in Persian) (ISBN 964-385-352-7) (pdf).

    Mahmud Namju, Amuzish-i Khatt-i Tahriri (riz), Muwafiq-i Barnama-yi Amuzish wa-Parwarish. Meshed (Intisharat-i Kalhor) 1371 (1992), 6th printing of 1384 (2005). (in Persian) (ISBN 964-5835-22-4) (pdf).

    Mas'ud Salami Fard, Rasm-i Khush Khatti. Jadidtarin Rawash-i Amuzish-i Khatt-riz (Khudkar), Qabil-i Istifada bara-yi Danish-amuzan-i Kulliyya-yi Maqati'-i Tahsili wa-Buzurg-salan. Tehran (Dunya-yi Naw) 1383/2004, 3rd edition of 1387 (2008). (in Persian) (ISBN 964-8263-46-9). The author was born in 1351/1972. (pdf).

  • Ruq`a script:

    T.F. Mitchell, Writing Arabic. A practical introduction to the Ruq`ah script. Oxford (Oxford University Press) 1953 (Reprint 1988). pp. 1-97, pp. 98-163.

    Ahmad Sabri Zayid, Ahdath al-Turuq li-Dirasa wa-Tahsin Khatt al-Ruq`a. Cairo (Maktabat Ibn Sina) 1990 (in Arabic): pp. 1-15, pp. 16-35, pp. 36-55, pp. 56-75, pp. 76-79.

    Ahmad al-Mufti, al-Murshid ila Khatt al-Ruq'a. Damascus (Dar Ibn Kathir/Dar al-Qadiri) 1418/1997 (in Arabic, with text usually on the odd pages only): pp. 1-49, pp. 50-95.

    Ahmad al-Mufti, al-'Umda fi Khatt al-Ruq'a. [Damascus] (Dar Dimashq) without date (c. 1418/1997?) (in Arabic): (pdf).

    Bilal `Abd al-Wahhab al-Rifa`i, Khatt al-Ruq'a. Dirasa wa-Tamarin. al-Khutut bi-Qalam Muhyi al-Din Nagib Badangaki. Halab (Dar al-Qalam al-`Arabi) 1419/1999. (in Arabic): (pdf).

    Kamil Salman al-Gaburi, Mawsu`at al-Khatt al-`Arabi, vol. 7. Katt al-Ruq`a. Bayrut (Dar wa-Maktabat al-Hilal) 2000. (in Arabic): pp. 1-31, pp. 32-71, pp. 72-111, pp. 112-155, pp. 154-160.

    Salah Moussawy, Cahier de Calligraphie Arabe. Style Roqu'a. Paris (Editions Bachari) 2002. (in French): (pdf).

    Muhammed Ali Ensârî, Osmanlica imlâ müfredâti. Istanbul (Hayrât Nesriyat) 2003. (in Turkish): pp. 1-31, pp. 32-77, pp. 78-117, pp. 118-161, pp. 162-170, texts, pp. 1-25, texts, pp. 26-77, texts, pp. 78-112.

    Jane Wightwick and Mahmood Gaafar, Easy Arabic Script. A step by step guide to handwriting. New Yorl, etc. (McGraw-Hill) 2005 (in English:) pp. 1-75, pp. 74-116.

  • Shekaste script:

    Israfil Shirchi, Ta`lim-i Khatt-i Shekaste Nasta`liq. Edited by Mehrdad Muhibb `Ali. Usul wa-Mabani-yi Khatt-i Iran, vol. 1. Tehran (Hunar Sarayi Goya) 1379/2000 (ISBN 964-92827-1-8). (in Persian): covers, pp. 1-17, pp. 18-25, pp. 26-33, pp. 34-61, pp. 62-93, pp. 94-125, pp. 126-151, pp. 150-176, pp. 177-201, pp. 202-221, pp. 222-229, pp. 230-end.

    Husayn Fayzabadi, Muhr-i Mudam. Sarmashqh-hayi Shekaste. Tehran (Shahindukht Mir Sa'idi / Intisharat-i Sa'idi Farahani) 1380 (2001). (in Persian) (ISBN 964-90142-5-X). The author was born in 1347 (1968). (pdf).

    Yadullah Kabuli Khwansari, Sama'-yi Qalam (vol. 1). Khatt-i Shekaste. Sarmashqha-yi Khatt-i Shekaste hamrah ba Kelid wa-Rahnuma-yi Shekaste-khwani. Tehran (Hunarsara-yi Gooya) 1380 (2001). 6th edition of 1383 (2004) (in Persian) (ISBN 964-92827-0-X). The author was born in 1328 (1949). Introduction, pp. 1-8, pp. 17-29, pp. 30-39, pp. 40-49, pp. 50-59, pp. 60-69, pp. 70-79, pp. 80-89, pp. 90-99, pp. 100-109, pp. 110-119, pp. 120-129, pp. 130-139, pp. 140-149, pp. 150-159, pp. 160-169, pp. 170-179, pp. 180-187, pp. 188-199, pp. 200-end.

    Yadullah Kabuli Khwansari, Sama'-yi Qalam (vol. 2). Shekaste-yi Paywaste. Adab al-Khatt Shekaste Fawq-i Mumtaz. Tehran (Sama`-yi Qalam) 1384 (2005) (in Persian) (ISBN 964-06-6767-6), with English title: Yadollah Kaboli, Sama-e Ghalam 2. Shekaste'e peyvasteh. Professional Education. Iranian Calligraphy Association. pp. 1-7, pp. 8-27, pp. 28-47, pp. 48-67, pp. 68-89, pp. 88-107, pp. 108-127, pp. 128-147, pp. 148-167, pp. 168-187, pp. 188-207, pp. 208-232.

    Reza Musha'sha'i, Shiwe-yi Shekaste-nigari. Tehran (Intisharat-i Yassavoli) 1381 (2002), 11th printing 1387 (2008). (in Persian) (ISBN 978-964-306-041-1). The author was born in 1329/1950. (pdf).

    Israfil Shirchi, Tab-i Shekaste. Amuzish-i Kelidi-yi Khatt-i Shekaste. Teheran (Intisharat-i Yassavoli) 1379 (2000). 5th edition 1387 (2008) (in Persian) (ISBN 978-964-306-089-3). pp. 1-9, pp. 10-19, pp. 20-29, pp. 30-39, pp. 40-49, pp. 50-59, pp. 60-69, pp. 70-79, pp. 80-89, pp. 90-99, pp. 100-112.

  • Sini script (Arabic script from China, including modern Arabic calligraphy from China):

    [Collection of four reproductions of calligraphic panels by modern Chinese artists, from the collection of the Islamic Museum of Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur. The reproductions were purchased in the summer of 2006]: (pdf).

  • Thuluth script:

    Kamil Salman al-Gaburi, Mawsu`at al-Khatt al-`Arabi, vol. 6. Khatt al-Thuluth, Bayrut (Dar wa-Maktabat al-Hilal) 2000. (in Arabic:) pp. 1-21, pp. 22-37, pp. 38-63, pp. 64-103, pp. 104-123, pp. 124-159, pp. 160-197, pp. 198-235, pp. 236-272.

    Mahdi al-Sayyid Mahmud, Kayf tata'allamu Khatt al-Thuluth? Cairo (Dar al-Fadila) 2000. (in Arabic): pp. 1-30 (pdf); pp. 30-64 (pdf).

    Mahdi al-Sayyid Mahmud, Ta'lim Khatt al-Thuluth lil-Mubtadi'in. Cairo (Dar al-Tala'i') 2001. (ISBN 977-277-256-6) (in Arabic): pp. 1-25 (pdf); pp. 26-48 (pdf).

  • Thuluth Gali script:

    Khudayr al-Bursa`idi, al-Thuluth al-Gali. Cairo (Dar al-Fadila) 1998. (in Arabic): pp. 1-30 (pdf); pp. 31-60 (pdf); pp. 61-81 (pdf); pp. 82-104 (pdf); pp. 102-129 (pdf); pp. 130-149 (pdf); pp. 150-176 (pdf).